LESSON 1 : TENSES ( Caùc thì )

1. SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTÑ)
Affir : S+V1 /Vs, es

Ex : Water boils at 100o c.
Neg: S+ do/ does + not+ V1

Ex : Tom doesn't feel hungry.
Inter: Do/ does+ S + V1 …?

Ex : How often do you go to school?
*(Be):am, is, are not ; (have):has/ have not +got = do / does + not + have

Dieãn taû :  Tình caûm, caûm giaùc, nhaän thöùc ôû hñoäng.

 Thoùi quen, phong tuïc, taäp quaùn.

 Chaân lí, söï thaät hieån nhieân.
Vôùi : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now and then . . ..
Notes : Qui taéc theâm _es_ ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø coù S soá ít :

- Caùc ñoäng töø taän cuøng laø : _o, sh, ch, x, s, vaø z ._

_ _- Caùc ñoäng töø taän cuøng laø _y_ maø ñöùng _tröôùc y laø moät phuï aâm_ ta ñoåi _y ____ i + es_

_ _( She stud_ies, _Tom tr_ies,_ He play_s_ . . .).
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( HTTD)
S + am/ is/ are + Ving

Ex: We are studying English now.
S + am/ is/ are + not + Ving

Ex: She isn't writing when he comes.
Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving ?

Ex: What are you doing while I am doing?
Dieãn taû :  Hñoäng ñang xaûy ra ôû Htaïi vaøo luùc noùi vieát.

 2 hñoäng ñang keùo daøi // ôû Htaïi (while: trong khi).

 1 hñoäng ñang keùo daøi ôû Htaïi thì coù 1 hñoäng ngaén ñoät ngoät xaûy ra(S+ V1/ Vs, es)
Vôùi : AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW
3. PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT)
S + has/ have + V3ed

Ex: I've just opened the door.

Ex: We have studied English for many years.
S + has/ have + not + V3ed

Ex: Jack hasn't come recently.
Has/ Have + S + V3ed?

Ex: How long have you studied English?
Dieãn taû:  Hñoäng Qk ko roõ tg.

 Hñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra.

 Hñoäng baét ñaàu trong Qk, vaãn coøn tieáp tuïc ôû Htaïi & coù theå tieáp tuïc ôû Tlai.

Vôùi: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + moác TG, FOR + khoaûng TG, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR…
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD)
S + has/ have + been + Ving.

Ex: We have been studying English for many years.
S + has/ have + not + been + Ving.
Has/ Have + S + been + Ving?
Dieãn taû: - Hñoäng baét ñaàu trong Qkhöù, tieáp tuïc ôû Htaïi & coù theå ñeán Tlai

( nhaán maïnh tính lieân tuïc) - _since + moác TG ; for + khoaûng TG_.
5. SIMPLE PAST (QKÑ)
S + V2ed

Ex: I saw him yesterday.
S + did + not + V1

Ex: She didn't come last week.
Did + S + V1 ?

Ex: Did Mr. Lee phone an hour ago?
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

*(Be) : was / were  wasn't, weren't

Dieãn taû: - Hñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra & chaám döùt hoaøn toaøn trong Qk ( xaùc ñònh roõ TG)

Vôùi: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…)
6. PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD)
S + was/ were + Ving

Ex: We were watching TV at 7 pm yesterday.
S + was/ were + not + Ving

Ex:I was writing while my father was reading.
Was / were + S + Ving ?

Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang.
Dieãn taû:  Hñoäng xaûy ra ôû 1 giôø / khoaûng giôø Qk xaùc ñònh ( at 7pm, from 6 to 7, …)

 2 hñoäng dieãn ra // ôû Qk. (while: trong khi)

 1 hñoäng Qk ñang keùo daøi thì 1 hñ ngaén ñngoät xaûy ra (S + V2ed)

Vôùi: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT…
7. PAST PERFECT (QKTD)
S + had + V3ed

Ex: Last night I went to bed after I dad done my homework.
S + had + not + V3ed
Had + S + V3ed ?
Dieãn taû: - Hñoäng xaûy ra tröôùc 1 moác TG ôû Qk hoaëc tröôùc 1 hñ Qk

Vôùi : ( tröôùc: S+ had +V3ed ; sau: S + V2)
8. SIMPLE FUTURE (TLÑ)
S + will / shall + V1

Ex: I'll buy it tomorrow.
S + will / shall + not + V1
Will / Shall + S + V1?
*Note: will not =won't ; shall not =shan't.

Dieãn taû:  Hñ seõ xaûy ra trong tlai.

 Lôøi yeâu caàu (Will you + V1…? ); Ñeà nghò ( Shall I / we + V1 …?)

Vôùi: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…)

9. FUTURE PERFECT (TLHT)
S + will / shall + have + V3ed .
Ex: We'll have already finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.

Dieãn taû:  Hñoäng seõ hoaøn taát trong tlai.

* Notes:

1) Near future: (Tlai gaàn) S + am/ is / are + going to + V1 : seõ, saép söûa, döï ñònh…

Ex: I'm going to buy it tomorrow.
2)Moät soá ñoäng töø sau ñaây thöôøng khoâng duøng vôùi thì tieáp dieãn

 Be : Ex: I am a student now.

 Nhöõng ñoäng töø chæ veà _giaùc quan_: see, hear, feel, look (troâng coù veû), smell, taste, recognize.

 Nhöõng ñoäng töø chæ veà _caûm xuùc_: like, dislike love, hate, want wish, desire, refuse, forgive.

*

Nhöõng ñoäng töø chæ veà _lí trí_: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget, mind, expect, recollect. *

Nhöõng ñoäng töø chæ söï _baét ñaàu, tieáp tuïc, keát thuùc_: begin, continue, finish…
LESSON 2: PREPOSITIONS ( Giôùi töø)
A. COMMON PREPOSITION:

I. Prep. Of Place:

1. IN: ôû trong ( 1 nôi/ vuøng/ khu vöïc/ quoác gia/ thaønh phoá/ …)

Ex: in the room/ Asia/ Britain/ London/ …

in bed/ newspaper/ magazines/ the world/…

2. ON: ôû treân

Ex: on the table/ the board/ the floor/ …

on TV/ the radio/ telephone/ the way/ the street/ horse back/ …

3. AT : ôû taïi (ñòa ñieåm nhoû).

Ex: at the desk/ the station/ the airport/ 72 Pham Ngu Lao street….

at home/ school/ work…

4. FROM : töø (nôi xuaát phaùt). Ex: Mr. Mac Donald is from Scotland.

5. TO: ñeán (ñích) . Ex: Elizabeth went to the store.

6. BETWEEN : ôû giöõa (2 ngöôøi / vaät). Ex: Mai is sitting between Nam and Nga.

7. AMONG: ôû giöõa , trong soá Ex : The letter is somewhere among these papers.
II. Prep. Of Time

1. IN: 1977( 1890, 2008…)

the summer (winter…)

April (May, August…)

the morning (afternoon, evening…)

time: kòp luùc

an hour - Ex : I will arrive in an hour.

2. ON : holiday

weekend

Monday

15, October

October 15th 1977

Monday morning

Christmas day

time : ñuùng luùc

fire : ñang chaùy
3. AT: 7 o'clock

night

midnight

noon

(the) weekend

Christmas

the end of

the moment
4. SINCE (+ moác TG): keå töø … Ex: He has studied English since 1900.

5. FOR (+ 1 khoaûng TG) : ñöôïc… Ex: _________________ for 17 years

6. FROM: töø

7. TO : ñeán Ex: I lived in village from 1977 to 1992.

III. Some Other Prep. :

1. By : baèng ,bôûi. Ex: They can enrich the soil by using fertilizers.

* by bus/ car/ train/ plane/ …

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2. On foot: ñi boä

3. For : cho , vì, ñeå (chæ muïc ñích) . Ex: What would you like for breakfast?

Ex: Some people read for pleasure.

4. With : vôùi , baèng. Ex: He went with her.

Ex: I can write better with my own pen.

5. About : veà. Ex: What do you think about her?

6. Of : cuûa. Ex: The window of the living room.

B. PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:
1. Adj + TO : acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful, important, kind, likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar, familiar, helpful, (but: it's very kind of you.)

2. Adj + IN : interested, rich, successful

3. Adj + OF : afraid, ahead, aware, capable,confident, full, tired, sure, proud

4. Adj + FOR : available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous, responsible, sorry (S.O)

5. Adj + FROM : absent, different, safe, far

6. Adj + AT : clever, present, quick, skilful, good, bad, (angry _at something_/_ with someone_)

7. Adj + WITH : acquainted, crowed, friendly, popular, busy, bored, pleased, fed up

8. Adj + ABOUT : confused, sad, serious, worried, sorry (S.T)

C. VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:
1. catch sight of : troâng thaáy

2. give place to : nhöôøng choã cho

3. give way to : nhöôïng boä ,traùnh ñöôøng cho

4. keep pace with : theo kòp, saùnh böôùc

5. lose sight of : maát huùt, khoâng thaáy

6. lose touch with : maát lieân laïc vôùi

7. lose track of : maát daáu veát cuûa

8. make allowance for: chieáu coá ñaëc bieät

9. make fun of : cheá nhaïo

10.make a fuss over/ about

: cuoáng quyùt veà vieäc gì

11. make room for : doïn choã cho

12. make use of : söû duïng

13. pay attention to : chuù yù ñeán

14. put a stop to : laøm döøng laïi

15. put an end to : chaám döùt

16. set fire to : chaâm löûa, ñoát

17. take account of : chuù yù ñeán

18. take advantage of : lôïi duïng

19. take care of : chaêm soùc

20. take note of : chuù yù ñeán

21. take notice of : chuù yù tôùi
D. GO + PREPOSITION:

1. after: ñuoåi theo 7. down: giaûm giaù  up: taêng giaù

2. ahead: ñöôïc tieán haønh 8. on: tieáp tuïc

3. along: tieán trieån 9. off: noå

4. away: ra ñi, rôøi khoûi nôi naøo 10. out: taét

5. back: trôû veà 11. over: xem xeùt kyõ

6. by: troâi qua( thôøi gian)
E. CAÙC TRÖÔØNG HÔÏP KHAÙC

1. belong to : thuoäc veà

2. on the contrary : ngöôïc laïi

3. on the whole : noùi chung

4. be up to = depend on : tuyø thuoäc vaøo

5. listen to : laéng nghe

6. suffer from : bò, chòu

7. free from : giaûi phoùng khoûi

8. write …to : vieát … cho…

9. wait for.. : chôø

10. ask …for.. : hoûi xin

11. look at : nhìn

12. look after : chaêm soùc

13. look up : tra töø ñieån

14. look out : nhìn ra ngoaøi

15. look for : tìm kieám

16. laugh at : cöôøi nhaïo

17. good at : gioûi veà caùi gì

18. good for : toát cho caùi gì

19. prevent… from : ngaên … khoâng cho

20. be in bed : naèm treân giöôøng

21. regard … as : xem nhö

22. be divided into : ñöôïc chia thaønh

23. take part in : tham gia vaøo
LESSON 3: WORD FORM

( Töø Loaïi )

*

PARTS OF SPEECH:
I. Noun (n)
1) n + V : laøm S cho V

2) V + n : laøm O cho V

3) prep. + n : laøm O cho prep.

4) be (laø) + n : laøm C ( C : complement: boå ngöõ)

5) adj + n

Ex: People can see new film at the cinema.

S O O

He is a scientist.

C

* Notes:

- a, an ,the

- this, that, these, those

- some, any, many, … + n

- my, your, Tom's, …
II. Adjective (adj.):

1) adj + n

2) adv + adj

3) be (thì, laø ), look coù veû), feel, become, taste (coù muøi), smell ( coù vò), get, grow,remain,

stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, … + adj

Ex: That young girl is very beautiful.
III. Adverb (adv):

1) S + Vi + adv Ex: They arrived safely.

2) S + Vt + O + adv Ex: She did the housework disappointedly.

3) S + Vaux + adv + Vmain Ex: He can surely do it

4) adv + adj Ex: He is reasonably right.

5) adv + adv Ex: Jack runs very quickly.

6) S + V + adv Ex: We have bought it at that store recently.

( or: adv + S + V + …. ) (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.)
IV. Verb (v) : V ñöùng sau S.

Caùc hình thöùc  cuûa V coøn ñöôïc duøng ôû nhieàu vò trí khaùc.

Participle: Present participle ( Ving)

Past participle ( V3ed)

1) Used in Continuous tenses ( Ving)

2) Used in Perfect tenses & Passive voice (V3ed)

3) Used as Adj: Ving  Active meaning

V3ed  Passive meaning

Ex: a/ The match excites the fans.

The match is exciting.

The fans are excited.
b/ The children have seen an interesting film.

The children are interested in the film.
B. FORMATION OF N, ADJ, V:
I. V + suffix  n : V + -tion, ation : conservation, preservation, prevention

-ment : development

-er : fertilizer

-ing : poisoning, dirtying

- age : drainage

-0 : safeguard
II. n + suffix  adj :

- ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful, helpful, peaceful

- less : childless, odourless, speechless, restless, careless, harmless, treeless - ly : manly, brotherly, worldly, hourly, yearly, daily.

n + - like : childlike, godlike, lifelike, statesmanlike = adj

- y : dusty, snowy, rainy, sandy, dirty, healthy.

- ish : foolish, selfish, childish

- al : magical, agricultural, industrial, natural.
III. OUT + Vi  Vt (toát hôn, nhanh hôn, laâu hôn) :

_outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh_

IV. UNDER + n / V  n / V( thaáp hôn, beân döôùi, keùm hôn) :

_undergrowth, undercharge_

V. OVER + n/ Adj /V  n/ Adj / V ( quaù giôùi haïn, vöôït, quaù nhieàu)

_overcoat, overanxious, overact._

C. WORD FORM CHARTS:
1. satisfy (v)

satisfied( past. Part)

satisfying (pres. part)

satisfactory (adj)

satisfactorily (adv)

satisfaction (n)
2. disappoint(v)

disappointed(past. Part)

disappointing(pres. part)

disappointedly(adv)

disappointment(n)
3. tolerate(v)

tolerated( past. Part)

tolerant(adj)

tolerable(adj)

tolerably(adv)

tolerance(n)
4. important (adj)

importance(n)
5. difficult(adj)

difficulty(n)

6. determine (v)

determination (n)
7. tend (v)

tendency(n)
8. occupy (v)

occupied (past. Part)

occupation(n)

occupational (adj)
9. potential (adj) / (n)
10. expect(v)

expected (past. Part)

expecting(pres. part)

expectant(adj)

expectantly(adv)

expectation(n)
11. prefer(v)

preferential(adj)

preferentially(adv)

preference(n)
12. attract(v)

attracted(past. Part)

attractive(adj)

attractively(adv)

attraction(n)
13. reason(v)

reasonable(adj)

reasonably(adv)

reason(n)
14. absorb(v)

absorbed(past. Part)

absorbent(adj) / (n)

absorptive(adj)

absorption(n)
15. deafen(v)

deaf(adj) / (n)

deafness(n)
16. militarize(v)

militaristic(adj)

military(adj) / (n)

militarily(adv)

militarism(n)
LESSON 4 : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

( Meänh Ñeà Traïng Töø Chæ Thôøi Gian)
I. PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

Ex: 1/ a. We always take our umbrellas when it rains.

b. We are singing as she comes.
2/ a. I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus.

b. I'm writing while they are talking.
3./ He goes home after he has finished his work.
4/ a. She has played the piano since she was five.

*

I've felt much better since I've been here.
5/ a. She greets me as soon as she sees me.

b. He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal.
Main Clause

(Mñeà chính)

Adverbial Clauses of Time
(Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG)
1. S + V1 / s / es

S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving (ñang…)

WHEN = AS

WHENEVER

S + V1 / s / es
2. S+ V1 / s / es

S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving(ñang…)

WHILE =AS

S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving­ (ñang…)
3. S+ V1 / s / es

AFTER

S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed
4. S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed
SINCE

S + V2ed ÑAÕ CHAÁM DÖÙT

S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed Vaãn coøn
5. S + V1 / s / es
AS SOON AS

UNTILL = TILL

S + V1 / s / es

S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed Hoaøn taát
II. PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
EX: 1/ a. I sat near the window whenever I took a bus.

b. It was raining hard when I got there.
2/ a. I met him while I was walking down the street.

b. I was writing while he was reading.
3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal.
4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked.
5/ a. He left as soon as I told him.

b. He left as soon as he had finished his work.
Main Clause (Mñeà chính)

Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG)
1. S + V2

S + WAS / WERE + Ving (ñang…)

WHEN = AS

WHENEVER

S + V2
2. S + V2

S + WAS / WERE + Ving (ñang…)

WHILE =AS

S + WAS / WERE + Ving (ñang…)
3. S + V2

AFTER

S + HAD + V3ED
4. S + HAD + V3ED

BY THE TIME

BEFORE

S + V2
5. S + V2
AS SOON AS

UNTILL = TILL

S + V2

S + HAD + V3ED Hoaøn taát
II. FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

EX: 1/ a. We' ll go when we want.

b. I'm goint to wait until you have finished your homework.

2/ We will have finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.
Main Clause (Mñeà chính)

Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG)
1. S + WILL / SHALL + V1
OR: S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO + V1

WHEN =AS

AS SOON AS

UNTILL = TILL

S + V1 / s / es
S + HAS / HAVE + V3edHoaøn taát
2. S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + V3ed

Hoaøn taát

BY THE TIME

BEFORE

S+ V1 / s / es
Note: Khoâng duøng thì Tlai trong Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG Duøng caùc thì Htaïi thay theá.
LESSON 5 : MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS

( Döïng & Traû Lôøi Caâu Hoûi)
Types

Questions

Answers
Yes - No
Inter. form?

Yes, Spron. + Vpreceding Q.

No, Spron. + Vpreceding Q. + NOT
Or

Inter. form + A _or_ B?

Affir. form + A/B
Wh

Wh + Inter. form?

Affir. form
Ex: 1_. Uncle Ho / die / 1969?_

- Did Uncle Ho die in 1969?  Yes, he did.

2. _Faraday / writer or scientist?_

- Was Faraday a writer or a scientist?  He / Faraday was a scientist.

3. _When / Tom / go / school?_

- When does Tom often go to school?

 He/Tom often goes to school in the morning.
Notes:

*

When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject
 Affir. form is used in the Q.

Ex: a/ Who can swim?

 Nam can swim.

b/ How many students are absent today?

 Two students are absent today.
2. Tag Question:

Ex: The weather is nice , isn't it ?  Yes, it is.
*

Commands:
V1…( Haõy…): _List/ Mention/ Name/ Give_…  They are / It is …

Ex: Name some English scientists.

 They / Some E. scientists are Newton, Faraday, …
LESSON 6: ACTIVE or PASSIVE VOICE

( Chuû Ñoäng vaø Thuï Ñoäng Caùch)
A: S + V + O
P: S + BE + V3ed + by O
(chia thì theo ñoäng töø cuûa caâu Active)
(A : Active P : Passive)
Ex: 1/ A: Tom eats apples every day.

P: Apples are eaten by Tom every day.
2/ A: They saw him in the shop.

P: He was seen in the shop ( by them )
ACTIVE

PASSIVE
V1 / Vs/es

V2ed

A m/ is /are
Was / were
+ V3ed
+ V3ed
A m/ is /are

+ Ving

Was / were

A m/ is /are

+ being

Was / were
H as / have

+ V3ed

Had

H as / have

+ been

Had
W ill (would)

Shall (should)

Can(could)

May (might)

Must + V1

Be going to

Be able to

Have to

Ought to

Used to

W ill (would)

Shall (should)

Can(could)

May (might)

Must + be

Be going to

Be able to

Have to

Ought to

Used to
Notes:
A: S + V + OI + OD
P : S + BE + V3ed + OD + by + O
OR:( S + BE + V3ED + _for/ to_ + OI + by + O)
1/
Ex: A: Lan gave Mary some books.

OI OD

P: _Mary_ was given some books by Lan.
OR:(_Some books_ were given to Mary by Lan.)
2/
A : S + V + (THAT) + S + V ….
P: S + BE + V3ed + TO + V1
OR: IT + BE + V3ed + by + O + (THAT) S + V
V: SAY KNOW THINK

BELIEVE REPORT RUMOUR

TELL CLAIM PROVE

CONSIDER…

Ex : A : They say that they has been ill.

P : He is said to have been ill. (or : It is said that he has been ill.)
LESSON 7: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

( Caâu Ñieàu Kieän)
Types and Use

(Loaïi vaø Caùch duøng )

If Clause ( Mñeà IF)

Main Clause ( Mñeà chính)
1. Future Possible

 ÑK coù theå xaûy ra ôû HT&TL

V1 /s /es

IF + S + do /does +not + V1

*BE: am, is ,are
will

S + shall + V1

can

may
2. Present Unreal:

 ÑK khoâng theå xaûy ra ôû HT&TL

V2ed

IF + S + did not + V1

*BE: were

would

S+ should + V1

could

might
3. Past Unreal:

 ÑK khoâng theå xaûy ra ôû QK.
IF + S + had + V3ed

would

S+ should + have + V3ed

could

might
Ex: 1. If it is fine, we will go.

2. I'd fly everywhere if I were a bird.

3. If you had met the president yesterday, what would you have done?
 Sentence Transformation:

A/ UNLESS = IF … NOT
If + Neg. form

= Unless + Affir. form
am /is/ are not

do /does not + V1

If + S + did not+V1

were not

had not+ V3ed

am /is/ are

V1/s /es

= UNLESS + S + V2ed

were

had + V3ed
Ex: If you didn't study hard, you'd get bad marks.

= Unless you studied hard, you'd get bad marks.
Note: Neáu caâu vôùi Mñeà IF Kñònh, Mñeà chính ôû theå Pûñònh , ta coù theå chuyeån sang

UNLESS = caùch ñoåi Mñeà chính thaønh theå Kñònh.
Ex: If you are lazy, you can't be successful

= Unless you are lazy, you can be successful.
B/ CAÙCH VIEÁT CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN TÖØ TÌNH HUOÁNG

T . HUOÁNG CHO: 1.Coù töø “OR” : vieát ñk loaïi 1

2. H.taïi : loaïi 2

3.Q. khöÙ : loaïi 3
4.Coù töø “SO”: vieát xuoâi S + V SO S + V
 IF + S + V , S + V

5.Coù töø “BECAUSE”: vieát ngöôïc

S + V because S +V
 IF + S + V , S + V

6. Phuû ñònh vieát khaúng ñònh & ngöôïc laïi
Examples: 1. I am not clever, so I won't be a doctor.

If I were clever, I would be a doctor.

2. John was sick because he ate much cake.

If John hadn't eaten much cake, he'd not have been sick.
Tröôøng hôïp khaùc :

1.
S+ can /will+ V1 but S + must/ have to +V1
IF + S + V1/Vs,es , S + can/ will + V1 ( Ñk 1)
Ex: I'll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.

 If you promise to return the book next week, I'll let you borrow it.

2.
V 1 or S + will /can +V1
 S + will/ can + V1 unless you + V1
Ex: Work hard or you'll fail the exam.

 You'll fail the exam unless you work hard.
LESSON 8 : UNREAL WISHES

( Öôùc Muoán Khoâng Theå Xaûy Ra)
could + V1 : Tình huoáng Htaïi / Tlai , traùi vôùi khaû naêng

S + wish + (that) would / should + V1 : Tình huoáng Tlai

+ S + V2 / were; didn't+ V1 / weren't : Tình huoáng Htaïi

If only hadn't + V3 : Tình huoáng Qkhöù
Ex: a) I wish I (can fly) could fly.

b) We wish it (be) would be sunny soon.

c) If only we (see) saw a UFO now.

d) He wishes he (meet) had met her yesterday.
 Sentence Transformation:
S+ be sorry

What a pity + ( that) S + V

It is a pity

S + regret + Ving / S + V

S + do / does not like + Ving / to v1
 S + wish + ( that ) + S + V
a.
Note:

*

Theâm S ( neáu thieáu) *

Kñònh  Pñònh ( vaø ngöôïc laïi) *

Htaïi  Qkhöù; *

Qkhöù  Qkhöù hoaøn thaønh
Ex: I'm sorry that I didn't come yesterday.

 I wish ( that) I had come yesterday.
Ex: Mr. Taylor doesn't like living in a small house.

 Mr. Taylor wishes he didn't live in a small house.
S + would like / would love + to V1 / to have + V3ed
 S+ wish + ( that) S + V2 / S + had + V3ed
b.
Ex: I'd like to have met her.

 I wish I had met her.
LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE
( Danh Ñoäng Töø & Ñoäng Töø Nguyeân Maãu)
*

GERUND (Ving) : ñoùng vai troø V & N cuøng moät luùc.
Vai troø:

*

S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.) *

O - Sau prep. (Ex: We are interested in studying English.)
- Sau moät soá V (Ex: I enjoy swimming.)
3. C (Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding and the preservation of natural

resources.)

Notes: The + Ving + of + n ( Ex: The reclaiming of land.)
*

GERUND OR INFINITIVE :
*

_Caùc ñoäng töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu _( To+V1)
Theo qui luaät thoâng thöôøng, ñoäng töø naøo ñuùng sau moät ñoäng töø khaùc thì phaûi ôû daïng

nguyeân maãu (TO +V1)

Ex: a) I would like to speak to Mr. Duran.

b) Mary asked John to help her.

c) My brother wants to become a pharmacist.

d) Every body is expecting her to come.

_II._ _Caùc ñoäng töø & cuïm töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng _Ving_ _:
*

acknowledge *

admit *

appreciate *

avoid *

celebrate *

consider *

delay =postpone *

deny *

detest *

discontinue *

discuss *

dislike *

endure *

enjoy *

escape *

explain *

fancy = imagine *

feel like *

finish *

forgive *

include *

involve *

justify *

keep(continue) *

mention *

mind *

miss *

practise *

prevent *

prohibit *

propose *

quit *

recall *

report *

resent *

resist *

risk *

suggest *

support *

tolerate *

understand *

be accustomed to = be used to *

be busy *

be worth *

can't help *

can't stand *

get used to = become accustomed to *

look forward to *

it's no good *

it's no use
_III. Caùc ñoäng töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng _Ving / To V­­1_ nhöng khoâng doåi nghóa:_

*

continue 5. begin *

dread 6. hate *

like 7. love *

prefer 8. start
Ex: She started to learn English when she was 5 years old.

 She started learning English when she was 5 years old.
_IV. Caùc ñoäng töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng _Ving / To V­­1_ nhöng doåi nghóa:_
1 . FORGET, REGET, To V1 : seõ xaûy ra ( Tlai)

+

REMEMBER Ving : ñaõõ xaûy ra ( Qkhöù)
Ex: a) Remember to sent John a present. Today is his birthday.

b) I remember meeting you somewhere before but I'm sorry I forget

your name.
2. TRY + To V1 : coá gaéng laøm.
Ving : thöû laøm.
Ex: a) She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college.

b) Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.
3. STOP + To V1 : döøng laïi ñeå laøm vieäc gì khaùc.
Ving : döøng laïi khoâng laøm vieäc gì (ñang laøm) nöõa.
Ex: a) Feeling sleepy, the driver stopped to drink a coffee

b) That old man tried to stop smoking because of his bad cough.
4. NEED + To V1 : caàn phaûi laøm ( yù chuû ñoäng).

Ving : caàn phaûi ñöôïc laøm ( yù bò ñoäng).

Ex: a) Tom needs to work harder.

b) The grass in front of the house needs cutting.

_V. Moät soá tröôøng hôïp khaùc__: _
1. ADVISE To V1 Ex: The police allow us to go there

ALLOW +

PERMIT

RECOMMEND V ing Ex: The police allow going there.
2. FEEL

HEAR + Vo / Ving ( ñang) Ex: We saw David jog

SEE jogging in the park.

WATCH
HELP

3. MAKE + O + V1 Ex: Please let me go.

LET

NOTICE

BID
4 . WOULD RATHER + V1 Ex: I'd rather drink tea than coffee.

HAD BETTER ( not ) You'd better not go out.
LESSON10 : CLAUSES & PHRASES

OF CAUSES & EFFECTS

(Meänh Ñeà Vaø Cuïm Töø Chæ Nguyeân Nhaân Vaø Keát Quaû)
S + be / Vord + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V
( quaù… ñeán noåi…)
1.
Ex: The tea is so hot that I can't drink it.

He drove so badly that he couldn't pass the driving test.
S + V + SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + n + THAT + S + V…
( quaù… ñeán noåi…)
2.
Ex: It is such hot tea that I can't drink.

He was such a bad driver that he couldn't pass the driving test.
3.
S + be / V ord + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*
( quaù.. neân khoâng theå…)
* Boû 'for O' khi O naøy = S hoaëc chæ chung chung.

* Boû O cuûa 'to V' khi O naøy = S

Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.

He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
4/

be +adj

S + ________ + enough + (for +O) + To V1 ( + O )

V ord + adv

(ñuû… ñeå…)
Ex: The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.

He didn't drive well enough to pass the driving test.

 Sentence Transformation:
a/

S(n) + be + SO + adj + THAT…
It /This /That

 + be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj + n + THAT…

He/ She/ They
Ex: The tea is so hot that I can't drink it.

 It is such hot tea that I can't drink it.
b/

S + Vord + SO + adv + THAT …
 S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj + n + THAT…
Ex: He drove so badly that he couldn't pass the driving test.

 He was such a bad driver that __________________________.
c/

S + V + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V + (O )*
S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*
* Boû 'for O' khi O naøy = S hoaëc chæ chung chung.

* Boû O cuûa 'To V' khi O naøy = S
Ex: a) The tea is so hot that I can't drink.

 The tea is too hot for me to drink.
b) He drove so badly that he couldn't pass the driving test.

 He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
d/

…TOO + adj / adv …



 … NOT + adj /adv + ENOUGH…
Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
 The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.

LESSON 11 : RELATIVE CLAUSES

( Meänh Ñeà Quan Heä)
_Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:_
Functions
Antecedents
Subject
Object
Poss.
Adv
Things

Which

Which

Whose + n

(of which)
People

Who

Whom

Whose + n
Place
Where
Time
When
Reason
Why
Notes: *Where = prep + nplace

*When = prep + ntime

*Why = for + the reason

*'THAT' thay theá cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” trong meänh ñeà coù giôùi

haïn (khoâng ñöùng sau daáu phaåy, prep).

*Duøng 1 hoaëc 2 daáu phaåy taùch meänh ñeà quan heä ra khoûi meänh ñeà chính

khi tieàn danh töø laø:

- Danh töø rieâng

- Danh töø ñöôïc boå nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE

- Danh töø ñöôïc boå nghóa = sôû höõu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM'S HOUSE,…)

- Danh töø ñöôïc boå nghóa = 1 nhoùm töø ( EX: The man from Hanoi,…)

Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away.
_Relative Clauses:_
Rel. Cl.

Ant.

Relative clause
Relative pronoun / adverb

The other parts
Things

+ which / that

+ V ( + O)

+ S + V
People

+ who / that

+ whom /that

+ V( + O)

+ S + V
People/ things
+ whose
V ( + O)

+ n +

S + V
Place

Time

Reason

+ where

+ when

+ why
+ S + V (+ O)
Ex: a/ Could you iron the trousers? They're hanging up behind the door.

 Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door?

b/ She showed me the radio. She had bought it

 She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought.

c/ I don't like the people. People lose their temper easily.

 I don't like the people who /that lose their temper easily.

d/ The man works here. I saw him yesterday.

 The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here.

e/ The house is very large. Its door is green.

 The house whose door is green is very large.

f/ Have you seen the girl? I'm keeping her bicycle.

 Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I'm keeping?

g/ Vietnam is beautiful. We live in vietnam.

Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful.
LESSON 12: REPORTED SPEECH

(Caâu Töôøng Thuaät)
1_ .Meänh Leänh &ø Yeâu Caàu_: V1 … Haõy – Meänh leänh khaúng ñònh
Don't + V1 … Ñöøng - Meänh leänh phuû ñònh
TOLD

S + + O +

ASKED

To + V1 (MLKÑ)

Ex: He said to us, “ Keep silent here, please.”

 He told us to keep silent there.
Not to + V1 (MLPÑ)

Ex: “Don't laugh at me” said Mary.

 Mary asked me not to laugh at her.
2. _Phaùt_ _bieåu_: S + V (chia roài) …
TOLD + O

S + (THAT) + S +V (luøi thì)

SAID

Ex1: They said to us, “These are snakes.”

 They told us (that) those were snakes.

Ex2 : “I came at 8 o'clock,” he said.

 He said (that) he had come at 8 o'clock.
_3. Caâu hoûi:_

a/ _WH__ Questions: “WH + V + S… ?”

b/ _YES _ NO_ Questions: “ V + S … ?”
asked + (O)

S + wanted to know

wondered

+ WH
S + V (luøi thì)
+ IF / WHETHER
Ex1: The stranger said, “ Where is Tra Vinh town school?”

 The stranger asked where Tra Vinh town school was.

Ex2: “ Did you see him?” she said to me.

 She asked me if / whether I had seen him.

_Notes: _

_ 1. Change of Adverbs of Time & Place:_
_Direct speech_
_Reported speech_

_Direct speech_
_Reported speech_
1. here

1. there

6. tonight

6. that night
2. this

2. that

7. yesterday

7. the previous day, the day before
3. these

3. those

8. ago

8. before
4. now

4. then

9. tomorrow

9. the following day, the next day
5. today

5. that day

10. next (week….)

10. the following (week…)
_2. Change of Pronoun & Poss. Adj:_
_Per._

_Subj._

_Obj._

_Poss. Adj._

_Poss. Pro._
1

I

Me

My

Mine
We

Us

Our

Ours
2

You

You

Your

Yours
3

They

Them

Their

Theirs
3

He

Him

His

His
She

Her

Her

Hers
It

It

Its

its
S + V + O, “ person 1…………………… person 2”

(chuùng) toâi (caùc)baïn
*

_Changes of Tenses:_
Direct Speech
Reported Speech

_Notes:_

1/ _Khi töø 'WH' laøm S hoaëc boå nghóa cho S____ __O__ ñoåi theå._

Ex: “Who has broken this vase?” said my father.

 My father asked who had broken that vase.

2/ _Khi caâu tröïc tieáp dieãn taû 1 chaân lí, söï thaät hieån nhieân ____ __O__ ñoåi thì._

Ex: Our teacher said, “The sun rises in the East.”

 Our teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

3/ _Khi ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì Htaïi or Tlai____ __O__ ñoåi thì, _

_khoâng ñoåi thôøi gian & nôi choán, chæ ñoåi ngoâi._

Ex: He says, “I'm hurry now.”

 He says that he is hungry now.
4/

S + should / had better + (not) V1
 S + advised + O + (not) To V1
Ex: You should eat a lot of fresh fruit.

 He advised me to eat a lot of fresh fruit.

_Taát caû caùc hình thöùc khi ñoåi sang caâu töôøng thuaät phaûi ñoåi ngoâi_ : Ngoâi 1  ñoåi theo ngöôøi noùi (S)

Ngoâi 2  ñoåi theo ngöôøi nghe (O)

Ngoâi 3  giöõ nguyeân
V1 / Vs/es

V2ed
a m

is +Ving

are

w as

+Ving

were
has / have + V3ed

V2ed
had + V3ed
was / were + Ving

had been + Ving
will

shall

can +V1

may

must
would

should

could +V1

might

had to
LESSON 13 : CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

(Meänh Ñeà Chæ Muïc Ñích)
SO THAT can/could

S + V + _______________ + S + will/ would + V1

IN ORDER THAT shall/ should

…ñeå maø… may/ might
Ex: a) We study hard. We want to pass the exam.

 We study hard so that we can pass the exam.
b) I helped Nam. I wanted him to finish the work on time.

 I helped Nam in order that he could finish the work on time.
Notes: _Phrase of Purpose_
to

S + V + in order to + V1

so as to

in order for + O +TO

… ñeÅ…
Ex: We study hard to pass the exam.

 I helped Nam in order for him to finish the work on time.
LESSON 14 : COMPARISONS
( So Saùnh)
_Types_

_Models_
1/ Equal Degree

(_So saùnh baèng_)

AS + adj / adv + AS

(baèng, nhö)
NOT AS/SO + adj. / adv + AS

(khoâng baèng, khoâng nhö)
2/Comparitive Degree

(_So saùnh hôn_)

adj. / adv(ngaén) + ER + THAN
MORE + adj. / adv(daøi) + THAN
3/ Superlative Degree

(_So saùnh nhaát_)

THE + adj. / adv(ngaén) + EST
THE MOST + adj. / adv(daøi)
Examples:

1/ a) You are as tall as I am. (=me)

b) John doesn't work as/so effectively as Tom (does)

2/ a) The letter will probably arrive sooner than you expect.

b) Mr. Smith can drive more carefully than his wife (can).

3/ a) She works (the) hardest of anyone in the class.

b) That's the most beautiful girl I've ever seen.

Notes:

1/ _Short Adj. / Adv (ngaén):_

- 1 vaàn

Ex: tall, soon. Small…

- 2 vaàn taän cuøng = -y,-er, -le,-ow, -et,

Ex: happy, clever, simple,… early.

2/ _Long Adj. /Adv (daøi):_

- 2 vaàn trôû leân, tröø caùc tröôøng hôïp treân

Ex: modern, carefully, comfortable…

- 2 vaàn taän cuøng = -ly

Ex: quickly, loudly…

3/ _So Saùnh Nhaát_ : Duøng cho 3 ñoái töôïng trôû leân.

4/ _Khi theâm_ “-er ; -est”

large larger largest

big bigger biggest

dry drier driest

5_/ __So Saùnh Baát Qui Taéc:_

good / well better best

bad / badly worse worst

many/much more most

little less least

far farther/further farthest/furthest
 Sentence Transformation:
1/

adj. / adv + ER

A + V + _______________ + THAN + B
MORE + adj. /adv
 B + V not + SO / AS + adj. /adv … AS + A
adj. / adv(phaûn nghóa) + ER
 B + V + ___________________________ + THAN + A
MORE + adj. /adv(phaûn nghóa)
Ex: Betty is younger than Susan.

 Susan is not so young as Betty.

( Susan is older than Betty.)
2/
adj. + ER

A + be + a(an) + ___________ + n + THAN + B

MORE + adj.
 B + V not + SO /AS + adv + AS + A
Ex: He is a more careful driver than I am.
I don't drive so carefully as he does.

(=as him)
3/

S + has/have + never/not + V3 + such + a(an) + adj. + n (before)
adj. + est

This is the + ___________ + n + (that) + S + has/have + (ever) V3

most + adj.
Ex: He has never watched such an exciting match before.

 This is the most exciting match he's ever watched.
4/

adj. + er

No one / Nobody + place + be + _________ + than + A

more + adj.
adj. + est

 A + be + the + __________ + place

most + adj
Ex: No one in the village is stronger than Tom.

 Tom is the strongest in the village.
LESSON 15 : SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

( Bieán ñoåi caâu)
1/

1 khoaûng TG + ago.

S + started /began + Ving / to V1… +

(prep.+) moác TG
V3 for + khoaûng TG

 S + has / have + +

been +Ving since + moác TG
Ex: We started studying English half an hour ago.

 We've been studying English for half an hour.
2a/

1 khoaûng TG + ago.

The last time + S + V2 + … was +

...