IV. ADVERBS (ADV) TRẠNG TỪ
Kinds (Classification): phân loại
1.1. Adv of manner: bravely/ haP.Pily/ quickly/ well/ …( She sings marvelously/ He worked very hard)
1.2. Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ … (She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police)
1.3. Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ today/ yet/…(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon)
1.4. Adv of frequency: always/ once/ twice/…(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader)
1.5. Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/..( He was certainly the liar/ Luckily, she passed the exam)
1.6. Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ …(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything)
1.7. Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/… (When did you go?/ Where is she now?)
1.8. Adv of relative: when/ where/ why (He came when we were watching T.V)
Same form with adjectives: tính từ và trạng từ có chung hình thức
back
deep*
direct*
early
Enough
little
straight

far
fast
hard*
high*
Ill
near*
well

just*
kindly
late*
left
wrong*
most*
right*

long
low
Much*
more*
short*
till
pretty

 Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
Positions (Functions): vị trí hay chức năng
3.1. Adv of manner: trạng từ chỉ thể cách
Follow verbs: eg: He danced gracefully.
Before pres or follow objects in “V + pre + O”: eg: He looked at me carefully. He looked carefully at me.
Follow Subject: eg: He suspiciously tasted the soup.
At the beginning or end: eg: Carefully he checks the suitcase. He checks the suitcase carefully.
3.2. Adv of time: trạng từ chỉ thời gian
At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ at once/ since then/ till/…
eg: He will returns soon. Today we will learn lesson two.
Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning)
eg: He went to the church immediately. Immediately, he went to the church.
Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still eg: He still lives in the suburb of the city.
Split: just eg: He has just left the house.
3.3. Adv of place:
3.3.1. At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here /there/
eg: Nowhere could we find him. English is spoken everywhere.
3.3.2. Administration: here/ there eg: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there.
3.4. Adv of frequency:
3.4.1. always/ continually/ frequently/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually.
eg: She usually walks to school.
3.4.2. Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarcely ever/ seldom
eg: Never will she eat this kind of food.
3.5. Inversion cases: các trường hợp đảo ngữ
hardly…ever
hardly…when
in no circumstances
neither…nor

never
no sooner…than
not only
not till

nowhere
on no account
only by
only in this way

only then/ when
scarcely ever
scarcely…when
seldom/ so


* Phó từ đảo lên đầu câu
Trong tiếng Anh có những trường hợp phó từ không đứng ở vị trí bình thường của nó mà đảo lên đứng đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ.
Trong trường hợp đó ngữ pháp có thay đổi, đằng sau phó từ đứng ở đầu câu là trợ động từ rồi mới đến chủ ngữ và động từ chính (công thức sau).
hardly/ rarely/ seldom/ never/ only… + auxiliary + subject + verb ...

Eg. Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
Phó từ trợ động từ chủ ngữ động từ
(so many people have never been unemployed