PHẦN IV - SENTENCE ELEMENTS
SUBJECT (S):
Definition: Gender to be the action doer or described or mentioned.
(là chủ thể của hành động hay đối tượng được miêu tả).
Classification:
Subject pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ)

First Person
Second Person
Third Person

Singular form
I
You
He, She, It

Plural form
We
You
They

Eg. He went abroad to study medicine. They were killed in an accident.
Nouns, or noun phrases: eg. Love is a stage of feeling and can’t be recognized by senses.
Gain and loss go together.
Gerunds: eg. Fishing is his favourite pastime. Getting good marks is not always difficult.
Clauses: eg. What we really wish is to be at the cinema. All she can say is that he is a liar.

COMPLEMENTS (C):
Definition: Element to be described or mentioned usually follows the verb to be or link verbs.
(là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau “to be” hoặc các link verbs).
Classification:
Nouns, or noun phrases: eg. She is a kind hearted lady. They became the new employees.
Gerunds: eg. Her hobby is singing.
Verbs: eg. My dream is to become a teacher.
Clauses: eg. A full apology is what the boss wants now./ A smile is all he could do and what he should do.
Notes: Có 2 loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ của chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – và bổ ngữ của tân ngữ (Co) – The long walk made us exhausted.

OBJECTS (O):
Definition: Gender to be described or mentioned usually follows ordinary verbs to show the direct or indirect goals that the verbs aim at. (là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau động từ thường chỉ hướng hay đối tượng của động từ).
Classification:
Object pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ)

First Person
Second Person
Third Person

Singular form
me
you
him, her, it

Plural form
us
you
them

Eg. We met him yesterday. She made us a big cake.
Nouns, or noun phrases: eg. She gave me a blank look. We sent endless letters to the manager.
Gerunds: eg. The man loved telling funny stories. / She was interested in going shopping on Sundays.
Verbs: eg. Jack wished to become an astronaut. Kelvin loves to do the crosswords.
Clauses: eg. We know how we should solve the problem. She asked why we didn’t arrive on time.
Notes: Có 2 loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ của chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – và bổ ngữ của tân ngữ (Co) – The long walk made us exhausted.

ADVERBIALS (A):
Definition: Element to be used to denote the stages, manner, methods, or to indicate time, places, purposes, or others. (được dùng để miêu tả trạng thái, cách thức, phương pháp, mức độ, hay dùng để chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, mục đích,… của hành động).
Classification:
Adverbs: eg. We often go to work by bus. She danced marvelously.
Adverbials: eg. In the past, people used to live in a large family.
Clauses: eg. When we came, they were fighting./ Billy tried hard in order that he could pass the exam.

VERBS (V):
Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences.
Classification: phân loại động từ
2.1. Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ
2.1.1. Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)
2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/ (These are sometimes functional verbs)
2.2. Lexical verbs: động từ mang nghĩa
2.2.1. Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)
2.2.2. Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful)
2.2.3. Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without
any complementation. e.g. She cried (noisily). It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cats and dogs)
2.2.4. Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation.
Mono-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O).
e.g