GERUNDS:
Formation: V-ING
Functions:
2.1. Subject (S): Fishing is his hobby./ Getting into the city centre at this time of day isn’t easy.
2.2. Complement (C): (of to be) Her passion is studying.
What we really want is escaping from this terrible place.
2.3. Compound nouns:
2.3.1. Gerund-noun: fishing-rod cooking-apple driving license
wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil
2.3.2. Non-gerund: fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking time- counting
2.4. Object (O):
2.4.1. Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs
admit
avoid
appreciate
begin
consider
postpone
resume
love

continue
delay
deny
enjoy
escape
recall
suggest
resist

finish
keep
mention
mind
like
hate
recollect


prefer
miss
practice
quit
report
resent
risk


2.4.2. Verb preposition:
approve of
apologize for
believe in
count on
care for

complain of
confess to
consist of
depend on
dream of

end in
give up
get to
forget about
go back to

hesitate about
insist on
keep on
lead to
long for

mean by
persist in
plan on
put off
rely on

return to
result in
safe from
succeed in
think about

think of
take to
threaten with
worry about
object to

look forward to….

2.4.3. Adjective preposition:
absorbed in
accustomed to
afraid of
amused at
skilled in (at)

annoy at
ashamed of
aware of
(in)capable of
surprised at

careful in
careless of
certain about
clever at
wrong in…

content with
delighted at
different from
embarrassed at
excited about

far from
fond of
fortunate in
frightened of
furious at

given to
good at
grateful for
happy in (at)
slow in

interested in
keen on
nice about
proud of
thankful for

responsible for
right in
scared at (of)
set on
angry with

pleased at
sure of
sorry for
successful in (at)
careful about

sick of
worried about
tired of (from)
upset at
(un)conscious of

2.4.4. Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings)
can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like…. - It’s no use.../ It’s (not) worth…/…
2.4.5. Adjectives:
amusing
comfortable
difficult
easy
great
Pleasant

hopeless
lovely
Nice
off
strange
useless/ wonderful

2.4.6. Noun preposition:
choice of
excuse for
possibility of
intention of
reason for
method for…

2.4.7. Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs
call
catch
feel
discover
find
leave
watch…


hear
get
imagine
keep
notice
send
set
stop

2.5. Subjunctive subject “it” or noun phrases;
Find/ found + it + V-ING: He found the film annoying.
When/ on /while / as + V-ING: When opening the case, he found his lost notebook.
While checking the case, we found banned drugs.