1. To-infinitive / Infinitive with to

* Động từ nguyên mẫu có to được dùng làm:

- Chủ ngữ của câu:           To become a famous singer is her dream.

- Bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ:      What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand.

- Tân ngữ của động từ      It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.

- Tân ngữ của tính từ        I’m pleased to see you.

* V + to-inf

- hope: hy vọng   - offer:  đề nghị  - expect: mong đợi

- plan: lên kế họach- refuse: từ chối- want: muốn

- promise: hứa- pretend: giả vờ- fail: thất bại, hỏng

- attempt: cố gắng, nỗ lực- tend: có khuynh hướng- threaten: đe dọa

- intend: định- seem: dường như- decide: quyết định

- manage: xoay sở, cố gắng- agree: đồng ý- ask: yêu cầu

- afford: đáp ứng- arrange: sắp xếp- tell: bảo

- appear: hình như- learn: học/ học cách- invite: mời

- would like- offer: cho, tặng, đề nghị

* Trong các cấu trúc:

  + It takes / took + O + thời gian + to-inf                     

  + chỉ mục đích

  + bổ ngữ cho danh từ hoặc đại từ: S + V + Noun / pronoun + to-inf

          I have some letters to write.

          Is there anything to eat?

  + It + be + adj + to-inf: thật … để ..

Ex: It is interesting to study English

  + S + be + adj + to-inf

Ex: I’m happy to receive your latter.

  + S + V + too + adj / adv + to-inf

  + S + V + adj / adv + enough + to-inf

  + S + find / think / believe + it + adj + to-inf

Ex: I find it difficult to learn English vocabulary.

- Sau các từ nghi vấn: what, who, which, when, where, how,… (nhưng thường không dùng sau why)

Ex: I don’t know what to say.

* Note:

- allow / permit/ advise / recommend + O + to-inf                  She allowed me to use her pen.

- allow / permit / advise / recommend + V-ing                        She didn’t allow smoking in her room

II. Bare infinitive / Infinitive without to

* V + O + bare inf

let- make- had better- would rather

Note be + made + to-inf

help + V1 / to-inf

help + O + V1 / to-inf

help + O + with + N

Ex: My brother helped me do my homework.

     My brother helped me to do my homework.

     My brother helped me with my homework.

* Động từ chỉ giác quan

- Các động từ chỉ tri giác: hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find .. + O + V1 (chỉ sự hoàn tất của hành động – nghe hoặc thấy toàn bộ sự việc diễn ra)

Ex: I saw her get off the bus.

- Các động từ chỉ tri giác: hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find .. + O + V-ing (chỉ sự việc đang diễn ra)

Ex: I smell something burning in the kitchen.

III. GERUND (V-ing)

* Danh động từ có thể được dùng làm:

- Chủ từ của câu:                  Swimming is my favourite sport.

- Bổ ngữ của động từ:          My hobby is collecting stamps.

- Tân ngữ của động từ:         I enjoy traveling.  

* V + V-ing   

- mention: đề cập đến- quit: từ bỏ- risk: có nguy cơ

- fancy: thích- deny: phủ nhận- involve: liên quan

- detest: ghét- encourage: khích lệ- consider: xem xét

- imagine: tưởng tượng- miss: bỏ lỡ- It is no use: không có ích

- It is no good: không tốt- postpone: hoãn lại- suggest: đề nghị

- practice: luyện tập- finish- admit: thừa nhận

- avoid: tránh- mind: ngại- delay: hoãn

- hate: ghét

waste / spend: lãng phí, bỏ ra (thời gian, tiền bạc)

have difficulty / trouble: gặp khó khăn/trở ngại

can’t help: không thể không

can’t stand / can’t bear: không chịu đựng nỗi

feel like: cảm thấy thích

look forward to: mong chờ, mong đợi

It is (not) worth: đáng / không đáng

keep / keep on: tiếp tục

be busy

be used to / get used to

* Sau các liên từ: after, before, when, while, since,…

Ex: After finishing his homework, he went to bed.

* Sau các giới từ: on, in, at, with, about, from, to, without, ….

Ex: My sister is interested in listening to pop music.

IV. INFINITIVE OR GERUND (To-inf / V-ing)

1. Không thay đổi nghĩa:

- begin / start / continue/ like / love + To-inf / V-ing

Ex: It started to rain / raining.

2. Thay đổi nghĩa:

+ remember / forget / regret + V-ing: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc đã xảy ra rồi (trong quá khứ)

+ remember / forget / regret + to-inf: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc chưa, sắp xảy ra (trong tương lai)

Ex: Don’t forget to turn off the light when you go to bed.

     I remember meeting you some where but I can’t know your name.

     Remember to send her some flowers because today is her birthday.

+ stop + V-ing: dừng hẳn việc gì

+ stop + to-inf: dừng ….. để …

Ex: He stopped smoking because it is harmful for his health.

     On the way home, I stopped at the post office to buy a newspaper.

+ try + V-ing: thử

+ try + to-inf: cố gắng

+ need + V-ing = need + to be + V3: cần được (bị động)

+ need + to-inf: cần (chủ động)

Ex: I need to wash my car.

     My car is very dirty. It needs washing / to be washed.

        + Cấu trúc nhờ vả:

S + have + O người + V1 + O vật ...

S + have + O vật + V3/-ed + (by + O người) ...

S + get + O người + to-inf + O vật

S + get + O vật + V3/-ed + (by + O người)

Exercise: Choose the best answer:

Many young people are fond of -------------- football and other kinds of sports.
A. playB. to playC. playingD. played

They couldn’t help -------------- when they heard the little boy singing a love song.
A. laughingB. to laughC. laughD. laughed

Your house needs -------------- .
A. redecoratedB. redecoratingC. being redecoratedD. to redecorate

I remember -------------- them to play in my garden.
A. to allowB. allowC. allowingD. allowed

It  was a nasty memory. Do you remember both of us wearing sunglasses to avoid -------------- by the supervisors?
A. to recognize B. to be recognizedC. recognizingD. being recognized

I can’t bear thinking back of that time. I’d rather -------------- equally.
A. treatB. be treatedC. have treatedD. treating

Did you accuse Nam of -------------- a plate? Well, I saw him -------------- it off the table with his elbow.
A. break/ knock      B. breaking/ knocking     C. to break/ to knock         D. breaking/ knock

We found it very difficult -------------- with Gamma.
A. to workB. workC. workingD. worked

I can’t read when I am traveling. It makes me -------------- sick.
A. feelB. to feelC. feltD. feeling

I need -------------- what’s in the letter. Why don’t you let me -------------- it?
A. to know/ to readB. know/ readC. to know/ read          D. knowing/ read

I suggest -------------- some more mathematical puzzles.   
A.  doB. to doC. doingD. done

We regret -------------- you that we cannot approve your suggestion.
A. informB. to informC. informingD. informed

The driver stopped -------------- a coffee because he felt sleepy.
A. haveB. to haveC. havingD. had

Have you ever considered -------------- a pharmacist?
A.  becomeB. becomingC. to becomeD. became

You had better -------------- at home until you feel better.
A. stayingB. stayedC. to stayD. stay

I remember -------------- my mother said the grass in the garden needed --------------.
A. to hear/cutting B. hear/cut      C. heard/to cut                     D. hearing/ cutting

Peter sometimes help his sister --------------.
A. do homework B. to do homework C. with homeworkD. all are correct

I would rather -------------- at home than --------------out with you.
A. staying/going B. to stay/ to go C. stay/goD. stayed/went

I would rather you --------------.
A. driveB. to driveC. droveD. driven

She didn’t say a word and left the room.
A. She left the room without saying a wordB. She leaving the room without saying a word
C. She left the room saying a wordD. She left the room to say a word.

My father wanted me -------------- a pilot.
A. becomeB. to becomeC. becomingD. became

Please wait a minute. My boss is busy -------------- something.
A. writeB. writingC. to writeD. to writin